TABLE OF CONTENT

    Key Takeaways

    • Bigha is a non-standard traditional land unit used across northern, eastern, and central India, with sizes varying widely by state due to historical farming practices and local measurement systems.
    • Subunits like Biswa, Katha, Lecha, Dhur, and Chatak further complicate conversions, as each follows its own state-specific definition.
    • Using Bigha in property deals is risky due to manipulation, mismatches in documentation, registry errors, and loan rejections.

    Across India’s farming regions, the word Bigha is still widely used to refer to land, even though standard units such as square metres, acres, and hectares are now common. For many farmers, landowners, and property buyers, Bigha is a familiar and trusted unit of measurement. However, its size changes from one state to another, which often leads to confusion during land deals, paperwork, valuation, and even when applying for government schemes. Let’s discuss bigha in detail.

    What Exactly Is Bigha?

    Bigha is a traditional unit of land measurement used primarily in northern, central, eastern, and some western parts of India. It originated in historical farming systems in which land was measured by ploughing capacity rather than exact mathematical dimensions. In simple terms, a Bigha represents the approximate area that could be cultivated by a farmer or a pair of oxen over a certain time period. Because farming methods, soil types, and productivity differed from region to region, the size of a Bigha never became uniform.

    History of Bigha

    The origins of the Bigha date back to ancient India, where local communities used it as a practical unit of measurement for agricultural land, long before standardised metric systems were introduced. Its formalisation came during the reign of Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), who introduced systematic land measurement for revenue collection. He fixed the size of a Bigha at 360 square yards, using the Zarib (measuring rope) to ensure uniformity.

    Later, under Emperor Akbar (1556–1605), the Mughal administration refined this system, adopting the Bigha as a key unit in the Ain-i-Dahsala revenue reforms, which categorised land based on fertility and crop yield.

    Over time, regional variations emerged: in Bihar and West Bengal, a Bigha came to represent about 1,600 square yards, while in Assam, it was standardised at 1,333 square yards. Despite British colonial efforts to impose acres and hectares, the Bigha persisted as a culturally embedded measure, especially in agrarian states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bengal.

    Bigha in Indian States

    Bigha is a traditional land measurement unit in India, but its size varies widely across states. It remains commonly used in agricultural transactions despite the adoption of metric units.

    In Uttar Pradesh, one bigha is generally taken as 2,500 sq. m approx. 0.62 acres. In Bihar, it is about 2,500–2,700 sq. m, while in Jharkhand, the figure is similar. West Bengal defines one bigha as 1,600 sq. m 0.39 acres. In Assam, one bigha equals 14,400 sq. ft 0.33 acres. Haryana and Punjab often equate one bigha to 0.25 hectare, 2,500 sq. m.

    In Rajasthan, the measurement is larger: one bigha equals 2,700 sq. m (0.67 acres), though local variations exist. Himachal Pradesh uses 0.08 hectare (800 sq. m) as one bigha, making it much smaller than in plains states. In Madhya Pradesh, one bigha is around 1,500–2,000 sq. m, depending on the district.

    Subunits of Bigha

    Here are the five commonly used subunits of bigha:

    1. Biswa

    Biswa is one of the most recognised subunits of Bigha, particularly in northern regions. Its size is not uniform and can differ significantly depending on local practices. In many areas, 1 Bigha is divided into 20 Biswa, though in some places the division may be 12 or 16. A single Biswa can range between 50 to 150 square yards, reflecting the absence of standardisation.

    2. Katha

    Katha is another widely used subdivision of Bigha, especially in eastern regions. Its size varies considerably: in some states, 1 Katha equals 1,361 square feet, while in others, such as Assam and Bengal, it is fixed at 2,880 square feet. This variation makes Katha a highly localised unit, requiring careful conversion when dealing with inter-regional property matters. Traditionally, Katha was used in tenancy agreements and small-scale land transfers because it provided a manageable unit for documentation.

    3. Lecha

    Lecha is a smaller subdivision of Katha, particularly prevalent in Assam. 1 Katha equals 20 Lecha, with each Lecha measuring 144 square feet. This granularity allows for precise measurement of small plots, especially in densely populated or urbanising areas where land parcels are fragmented. Lecha is often used in municipal records and cadastral surveys to ensure accurate taxation and ownership boundary information.

    4. Dhur

    Dhur is another subunit associated with Bigha, commonly found in Bihar and neighbouring regions. A Dhur is a very small unit; in some areas, 1 Bigha comprises 20 Dhur, though the exact conversion varies. Dhur is particularly useful for measuring narrow strips of land, such as those adjacent to irrigation canals or pathways. Farmers often use Dhur to calculate the land required for specific crops, such as vegetables, which require smaller plots.

    5. Chatak

    Chatak is a subdivision used in certain eastern regions, especially in Bengal. 1 Chatak equals 180 square feet, and multiple Chataks make up a Katha. This unit is significant in urban property dealings, where land parcels are often small and require precise measurement.

    Bigha Conversion in Other Units

    Here is how different measurement units stand in contrast to the Bigha.

    Unit of Measurement

    Context

    Acre 1 Bigha = 0.62 – 0.40 Acre
    Hectare 1 Bigha = 0.25 – 0.15 Hectare
    Square Metre 1 Bigha = 2,500 – 6,772 sq m
    Square Feet 1 Bigha = 27,000 – 72,000 sq ft
    Guntha 1 Bigha = 40 Guntha
    Kanal 1 Bigha = 4 Kanal
    Marla 1 Bigha = 80 Marla


    Why Bigha Is Risky in Property Deals

    Here are some risks of using bigha in property transactions:

    • Broker Manipulation: Unscrupulous agents exploit vague Bigha sizes to quote misleading rates, inflate land area claims, or hide price advantages, leading buyers to overpay.
    • Documentation Mismatch: Sale deeds, maps, and government records usually list square metres or acres, not Bigha, creating discrepancies between promised and legally registered land size.
    • Registry Errors: During land registration, incorrect Bigha conversions may get officially recorded, permanently locking wrong dimensions into government records.
    • Loan Rejection: Banks verify land area in standardised units. Unclear Bigha measurements raise verification concerns, commonly leading to reduced loan value or outright rejection.
    • Resale Difficulty: Future buyers prefer clearly defined plots. Bigha-based deals reduce trust, slow resale timelines, and often require price discounts.
    • Zoning Issues: Local development rules use standard units. Bigha conversion errors may violate minimum plot size or building regulations, risking penalties or denied approvals.


    Court Interpretation on Bigha Measurement Unit

    Here are distinct court rulings where the judiciary addressed disputes involving the Bigha measurement unit.

    Rakesh Garg v. Union of India & Another (Delhi District Court, 2009)

    In this land acquisition dispute, the petitioner challenged the compensation awarded for land measured in Bigha. The court emphasised that reliance on traditional units, such as Bigha, without precise metric conversion led to ambiguity in valuation. The judgement directed authorities to adopt hectare-based measurement for compensation, ensuring uniformity and transparency.

    Sh. Dhanraj Singh Jain & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. (Delhi High Court, 2025)

    This case involved the acquisition of 2 Bighas 1 Biswa of land in Azadpur. Petitioners argued that possession was taken without due process. The High Court ruled that acquisition notifications must clearly specify metric equivalents of Bigha and Biswa to prevent disputes. The judgement reinforced that compensation must be calculated on standardised units, not traditional measures, thereby reducing litigation. It also directed authorities to rectify past acquisitions where Bigha-based records created inconsistencies.

    State of Rajasthan v. Mangilal (Supreme Court, 1996)

    In this case, compensation for acquired land was disputed due to varying definitions of Bigha across districts. The Supreme Court held that state authorities must publish uniform conversion tables for Bigha to metric units.

    Ramkanyabai v. Bhuwan Ji & Ors. (Madhya Pradesh High Court, 2019)

    This partition suit revolved around agricultural land measured in Bigha. The court observed that heirs often misinterpret Bigha size, leading to disputes. The judgement mandated that partition decrees must record land in hectares alongside traditional units.

    How to Safely Buy Land Measured in Bigha?

    If you are dealing with land advertised in Bigha, follow these essential steps:

    • Step 1: Check local revenue department records, land survey patwari/lekpal, and state land registration office to determine local conversion.
    • Step 2: Get proper survey maps (nazri naksha). Have your land physically measured by licensed surveyors.
    • Step 3: Even if people discuss in Bigha, ensure the legal agreement uses standardised measurements only.
    • Step 4: Confirm that the sale deed, land registry entry, and revenue record (khata/khasra) match the same standardised area.

    Land Measurement Administration Officers

    Land measurement in relation to Bigha involves multiple administrative officers, each with distinct responsibilities. Here are the details:

    1. Patwari (Village Revenue Officer)

    The Patwari is the frontline officer responsible for maintaining land records at the village level. Their role is crucial in documenting holdings measured in Bigha, including subdivisions into units like Biswa or Katha. They prepare the Jamabandi (record of rights) and Khasra (field register), which detail ownership, cultivation, and crop patterns. When disputes arise over Bigha conversions, Patwaris provide the first layer of evidence by producing certified extracts.

    2. Tehsildar (Revenue Administrator)

    The Tehsildar supervises Patwaris and ensures consistency in land measurement practices across the tehsil. They adjudicate disputes where Bigha-based records conflict with metric conversions, often directing re-surveys. Tehsildars also oversee mutation processes, ensuring that transfers of land measured in Bigha are legally recorded. Their authority extends to revenue collection, where precise measurement prevents under-assessment or over-taxation. In acquisition proceedings, Tehsildars validate Patwari records and issue certified copies for judicial scrutiny.

    3. Surveyor (Cadastral Officer)

    Surveyors are technical officers tasked with conducting ground-level measurements. They use modern instruments, such as Electronic Total Stations and GPS, to convert traditional Bigha measurements into metric equivalents. Their surveys are critical in resolving disputes where boundaries are contested or overlapping claims exist.

    4. District Collector (Revenue Head)

    The District Collector holds overarching authority in land administration, including cases involving Bigha. They supervise Tehsildars and survey staff, ensuring that conversions to metric units are consistent across the district. Collectors adjudicate high-value disputes, particularly in acquisition or partition cases where Bigha-based records are challenged. They also issue directives mandating uniform conversion tables to prevent ambiguity.

    5. Registrar/Sub-Registrar (Registration Authority)

    Registrars and Sub-Registrars handle the legal registration of property transactions. When deeds mention Bigha, they ensure that equivalent metric measurements are included to avoid ambiguity. Their offices verify Patwari records and mutation entries before registering sale deeds, leases, or mortgages.

    Government Push for Standardisation

    To reduce confusion, states have increasingly encouraged the adoption of metric units like square metres and hectares. Some key measures include:

    • Digitisation of land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP)
    • Introduction of unique plot IDs (Bhulekh/Bhumi records)
    • Encouraging registration of land in hectares and sq. metres
    • Training revenue officials to map traditional units with standardised ones
    • Mobile apps that allow easy conversion between Bigha and metric units

    Traditional and Modern Land Units Used in India (Except Bigha)

    Here are some other land measurement units prevalent in India.

    • Square Meter: The standard SI unit for land globally, used for precise surveys and approvals. 1 square meter equals 10.76 square feet, making it common in building plans and official measurements.
    • Square Foot: India’s most popular buyer-facing unit for homes and shops. 1 square foot equals 0.0929 square meters. Carpet, built-up, and super-built-up areas are usually quoted this way.
    • Square Yard: Often used for plotting land and smaller layouts. 1 square yard equals 9 square feet or 0.836 square meters, offering easier mental conversion than metric units.
    • Square Inch: Used mainly in construction detailing for tiles, fixtures, and materials. 1 square inch equals 0.00694 square feet, not practical for land measurement but relevant for interior sizing references.
    • Square Mile: Applied in large-scale mapping, city planning, or regional assessments. 1 square mile equals 640 acres or about 2.59 square kilometres, representing extremely large land tracts.
    • Hectare Unit: Metric land measurement adopted for agricultural and government records. 1 hectare equals 10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres, widely used in official rural land documentation.
    • Acre Land: India’s most common rural land unit. 1 acre equals 43,560 square feet or 4,046.86 square meters, popular for farming, plotting, and land sale advertisements.
    • Are Unit: A basic metric unit often referenced in documents. 1 Are equal to 100 square meters or 1,076 square feet. Hectares are measured as multiples of ares.
    • Cent Unit: Common in South India for residential land. 1 cent equals 435.6 square feet or 0.01 acre, making it useful for comparing small plots accurately.
    • Ground Unit: Used mainly in Tamil Nadu urban transactions. 1 ground equals 2,400 square feet or roughly 223 square meters, traditionally defining a standard residential plot size.
    • Guntha Unit: Predominantly used in Maharashtra and Karnataka. 1 guntha equals 1,089 square feet or 0.025 acre, with 40 gunthas forming one acre.
    • Ankanam Unit: Popular in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. 1 ankanam equals about 72 square feet, used for small site measurements in older documentation and local property discussions.
    • Kanal Unit: Common in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Haryana. 1 kanal equals 5,445 square feet or 0.125 acre, with 8 kanals forming one acre.
    • Marla Unit: Widely used for residential plotting in northern states. 1 marla equals 272.25 square feet, and 20 marlas equal 1 kanal, providing a scale for urban land divisions.
    • Rood Unit: Rarely used but part of British-era systems. 1 rood equals 10,890 square feet or 0.25 acre, historically applied to large estates and survey reports.

    Conclusion

    Bigha remains an important yet highly inconsistent land measurement unit across India, shaped by history, regional customs, and traditional farming practices. While it continues to hold cultural relevance, its non-standardised nature creates significant challenges in modern property transactions, including documentation errors, valuation disputes, legal conflicts, and loan verification issues. Court judgments increasingly favour metric units such as square metres and hectares to ensure clarity and uniformity. For buyers, sellers, and investors, the safest approach is to treat Bigha only as a local reference and rely solely on standard units in all legal records, surveys, and agreements. Understanding its variations and risks helps prevent manipulation, protects financial interests, and enables smoother, dispute-free land transactions.

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    FAQS – FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

    • What is a Registered Mortgage?

      A Registered Mortgage is created by executing a formal mortgage deed and registering it with the sub-registrar. This process provides public notice of the lender’s charge, establishes strong legal validity, and ensures enforceability in courts. It is generally used for high-value loans requiring maximum legal protection.

    • What is an Equitable Mortgage?

      An Equitable Mortgage is created by depositing the original property title deeds with the lender, intending to secure a loan without registering a mortgage deed. It is quicker, cheaper, and involves minimal paperwork. However, it does not provide the same level of public notice or legal clarity as registration.

    • How does legal strength differ between the two?

      Registered mortgages have superior legal strength because registration creates official public records and unquestionable lender priority. Equitable mortgages rely primarily on possession of title documents, which may need additional proof in disputes. Courts generally find registered mortgages easier to enforce than equitable ones.

    • Which option offers faster loan processing?

      Equitable mortgages enable faster processing as no deed registration is required. The lender accepts the property papers and quickly approves the loan. Registered mortgages take longer due to deed drafting, stamp duty payment, and registration appointments, adding procedural delays before loan disbursement.

    • Which mortgage carries lower costs?

      Equitable mortgages involve minimal expenses, mainly documentation and administrative charges. Registered mortgages incur stamp duty and registration fees that vary by state and property value, significantly increasing transaction costs. Borrowers seeking cost savings usually prefer equitable mortgages when legally permissible.

    • Is property registration mandatory for both?

      Registration of the property itself is mandatory for both, but only the mortgage deed must be registered in a registered mortgage. An equitable mortgage does not involve mortgage deed registration; the lender simply holds original property documents as security while ownership records remain unchanged.

    • Which mortgage provides better lender security?

      Registered mortgages offer better lender security because the registered charge establishes official priority over the property. In equitable mortgages, lender security depends on possession of documents and intent documentation, which may be challenged more easily in legal proceedings compared to registered deeds.

    • Are both legally recognised in India?

      Yes, both mortgage types are legally recognised under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. Formal deed registration rules govern registered mortgages, while equitable mortgages are permissible only in notified towns and cities designated by state governments for mortgage by deposit of title deeds.

    • Which mortgage is preferred for large loan amounts?

      Registered mortgages are generally preferred for large loan amounts because lenders seek maximum legal protection and enforceability. The improved security framework justifies the higher cost and longer processing time. Equitable mortgages are more common for moderate loan amounts that require faster approvals.

    • Can ownership be transferred during the mortgage period?

      Ownership remains with the borrower in both mortgage types. However, selling or transferring the property is restricted until the loan is fully repaid and the lender releases the charge. Registered mortgages require formal discharge registration after repayment, while equitable mortgages rely on document return.

     

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    Although all efforts are made to ensure that information and content provided as part of this Website is correct at the time of inclusion on the Website, however there is no guarantee to the accuracy of the Information. This Website makes no representations or warranties as to the fairness, completeness or accuracy of Information. There is no commitment to update or correct any information that appears on the Internet or on this Website. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving the same will make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use or in connection with the making of any decision. Any use of this Website or the information is at your own risk. Neither ABCL and ABC Companies, nor their officers, employees or agents shall be liable for any loss, damage or expense arising out of any access to, use of, or reliance upon, this Website or the information, or any website linked to this Website.

    No Liability

    This Website is provided to you on an "as is" and "where-is" basis, without any warranty. ABCL, for itself and any ABC Companies and third party providing information, Materials (defined later), facilities, or content to this Website, makes no representations or warranties, either express, implied, statutory or otherwise of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of third party rights, with respect to the website, the information or any products or facilities to which the information refers. ABCL will not be liable to you or any third party for any damages of any kind, including but not limited to, direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or punitive damages, arising from or connected with the site, including but not limited to, your use of this site or your inability to use the site, even if ABCL has previously been advised of the possibility of such damages. Any access to information hosted on third party websites of billers/banks/merchants/ABC Companies etc. is not intended and shall not be treated as an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any product/offering of these ABC Companies or third parties.

    The Facilities Provider or ABCL or ABC Companies shall have absolutely no liability in connection with the information and Material posted on this Website including any liability for damage to your computer hardware, data, information, materials, or business resulting from the information and/or Material or the lack of information and/or Material available on the Website. In no event shall ABCL or ABC Companies shall be liable for any for any special, incidental, consequential, exemplary or punitive damages for any loss, arising out of or in connection with (a) the use, misuse or the inability to use this Website; (b) unauthorized access to or alteration of your transmissions or data; (c) statements or conduct of any third party on the site; or (d) any other matter whatever nature relating to this Website.

    Further, the Facilities Provider cannot always foresee or anticipate technical or other difficulties. The facilities may contain errors, bugs, or other problems. These difficulties may result in loss of data, personalization settings or other facilities interruptions. The Website does not assume responsibility for the timeliness, deletion, mis-delivery, or failure to store any user data, communications, or personalization settings.

    The Facilities Provider, ABCL, ABC Companies and the providers of information shall not be liable, at any time, for any failure of performance, error, omission, interruption, deletion, defect, delay in operation or transmission, computer virus, communications line failure, theft or destruction or unauthorized access to, alteration of, or use of information contained at this Website.

    Manner of Use of Personal Information

    All Personal Information including Sensitive Personal Information provided/related to you, shall be stored/used/processed/transmitted expressly for the Purpose or facilities indicated thereon at the time of collection and in accordance with the Privacy Policy. Other than those otherwise indicated and agreed by You, this Website do not collect or store or share your Personal Information. Aditya Birla Capital is the brand and accordingly all products and facilities are provided by respective ABC Companies as applicable. Therefore, for any of these Purposes, the Website will use ABC Companies their authorized third party vendors, agents, contractors, consultants or facilities providers (individually a ‘Third Party Service Provider’ and collectively, the “Third Party Service Providers”) and to that extent you understand and authorize the Facilities Provider to share/transmit such information to Third Party Service Providers. Such sharing of information will be solely for the purpose to fulfill / complete / authenticate your specific requests/transaction execution and for providing information about any ABC Companies product or facilities or services or for data analytics or to deliver to you any administrative notices, alerts or communications relevant to your Purpose (and which may include sending promotional emails or SMS or calls or any other mode permitted under law) or to analyze the usage and improve the facilities/solutions offered or for any research or troubleshooting problems, detecting and protecting against errors or to improve features, tailor the facilities on the Website to your interests, and to get in touch with you whenever necessary.

    Except in the manner as stated in the Privacy Policy, the Website will not disclose your Personal Information with any affiliated or unaffiliated third parties,

    You may receive e-mails /communications/notifications from the Third Party Services Providers regarding facilities updates, information/promotional e-mails/SMS and/or update on new product announcements/services in such mode as permitted under law.

    Use of Website in India

    This Website is controlled and operated from India and there is no representation that the Materials/information are appropriate or will be available for use in other locations. If you use this Website from outside the India, you are entirely responsible for compliance with all applicable local laws. There is no warranty or representation that a user in one region may obtain the facilities of this website in another region.

    Information published on the Website may contain references or cross references to products, programs and facilities offered by ABC Companies/third parties that are not announced or available in your country. Such references do not imply that it is intended to announce such products, programs or facilities in your country. You may consult your local advisors for information regarding the products, programs and services that may be available to you.

    In your use of the Website, you may enter correspondence with, purchase goods and/or facilities from, or participate in promotions of advertisers or members or sponsors of the web site, including those of ABC Companies. Unless otherwise stated, any such correspondence, advertisement, purchase or promotion, including the delivery of and the payment for goods and/or facilities, and any other term, condition, warranty or representation associated with such correspondence, purchase or promotion, is solely between you and the applicable ABC Companies and/or third parties.

    You agree that Facilities Provider / ABC Companies has no liability, obligation or responsibility for any such correspondence, purchase or promotion between you and any other ABC Companies and/or third parties.

    Third party websites

    This Website may be linked to other websites (including those of ABC Companies) on the World Wide Web that are not under the control of or maintained by ABCL. Such links do not indicate any responsibility or endorsement on our part for the external website concerned, its contents or the links displayed on it. These links are provided only as a convenience, in order to help you find relevant websites, facilities and/or products that may be of interest to you, quickly and easily. It is your responsibility to decide whether any facilities and/or products available through any of these websites are suitable for your purposes. The Facilities Provider or ABCL is not responsible for the owners or operators of these websites or for any goods or facilities they supply or for the content of their websites and does not give or enter into any conditions, warranties or other terms or representations in relation to any of these or accept any liability in relation to any of these (including any liability arising out of any claim that the content of any external web site to which this web site includes a link infringes the intellectual property rights of any third party).

    USE of APP

    In case any facilities/services, access/dissemination of information or execution of transaction is done through use of any APP related to ABC Companies, the additional terms and conditions governing the Use of APP shall be applicable and to be read along these Terms of Use.

    Postings and monitoring

    The Facilities Provider or ABCL or ABC Companies does not routinely monitor your postings to the Website but reserves the right to do so if deemed necessary if it is related to the facilities offered on the web site and to comply with law. However, in our efforts to promote good citizenship within the internet community, if the Facilities Provider or ABCL or ABC Companies becomes aware of inappropriate use of the Website or any of its facilities, any information, opinions, advice or offers posted by any person or entity logged in to the Website or any of its associated sites is to be construed as public conversation only, and the Facilities Provider or ABC Companies shall not be liable or responsible for such public conversation. You agree that in such cases, we will respond in any way that, in our sole discretion, as deemed appropriate. You acknowledge that Facilities Provider or ABC Companies will have the right to report to law enforcement authorities any actions that may be considered illegal, as well as any information it receives of such illegal conduct. When requested, ABC Companies/Facilities Provider will co-operate fully with law enforcement agencies in any investigation of alleged illegal activity on the internet.

    Submissions and unauthorized use of any Materials contained on this Website may violate copyright laws, trademark laws, the laws of privacy and publicity, certain communications statutes and regulations and other applicable laws and regulations. You alone are responsible for your actions or the actions of any person using your user name and/or password. As such, you shall indemnify and hold Facilities Provider, ABCL / ABC Companies and its officers, directors, employees, affiliates, agents, licensors, and business partners harmless from and against any and all loss, costs, damages, liabilities, and expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred in relation to, arising from, or for the purpose of avoiding, any claim or demand from a third party that your use of the Website or the use of the Website by any person using your user name and/or password (including without limitation your participation in the posting areas or your submissions) violates any applicable law or regulation, or the rights of any third party.

    We reserve the right to terminate access to this Website at any time and without notice. Further this limited license terminates automatically, without notice to you, if you breach any of these Terms of Use. Upon termination, you must immediately destroy any downloaded and printed Materials.

    If you come across any breaches/violation or offensive material you must report to us at abc.secretarial@adityabirla.com

    Use of Cookies

    You agree and understand that the Website will automatically receive and collect certain anonymous information in standard usage logs through the Web server, including computer/computer resource-identification information obtained from "cookies" sent to your browser from a web server or other means as explained in the Privacy Policy.  

    Facilities Changes and Discontinuation

    The Website reserves the right to discontinue or suspend, temporarily or permanently, the facilities. You agree that the Facilities Provider/ ABC Companies will not be liable to you in any manner whatsoever for any modification or discontinuance of the facilities. The format and content of this Website may change at any time. We may suspend the operation of this Website for support or maintenance work, in order to update the content or for any other reason.

    ABCL, ABC Companies, and its directors, employees, associates, or other representatives shall not be liable for any damages or injury, arising out of or in connection with the use, or non-use including non-availability of the Website and also for any consequential loss or any damages caused because of non-performance of the system due to a computer virus, system failure, corruption of data, delay in operation or transmission, communication line failure, or any other reason whatsoever. The Website will not be responsible for any liability arising out of delay in providing any information on the Website.

    Compliance with the Law

    You agree that you will not:

    • Use any robot, spider, scraper, deep link or other similar automated data gathering or extraction tools, programme, algorithm or methodology to access, acquire, copy or monitor the Website, or any portion of the Website.
    • Use or attempt to use any engine, software, tool, agent, or other device or mechanism (including without limitation, browsers, spiders, robots, avatars or intelligent agents) to navigate or search the Website, other than the search engines generally available by third party web browsers
    • Post or transmit any file which contains viruses, worms, Trojan horses or any other contaminating or destructive features, or that otherwise interferes with the proper working of the Website or the facilities.
    • Attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer any of the software, comprising or in any way making up a part of the Website or the facilities.
    • You agree not to use the facilities for illegal purposes or for the transmission of material that is unlawful, harassing, libelous (untrue and damaging to others), invasive of another's privacy, abusive, threatening, or obscene, or that infringes the rights of others.

    Restrictions on Commercial Use or Resale

    Your right to use the facilities is personal to you; therefore, you agree not to resell or make any commercial use of the facilities. In addition, the Website welcomes your feedback as a user of the facilities. Any feedback you provide will become the confidential and proprietary information of the Website, and you agree that the Website may use in any manner and without limitation, all comments, suggestions, complaints, and other feedback you provide relating to the Website. The Website shall have a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual, and irrevocable right to use feedback for any purpose, including but not limited to incorporation of such feedback into the Website or other Website software or facilities.

    No Endorsements

    All product and facilities marks contained on or associated with the facilities that are not the Website marks are the trademarks of their respective owners. The Website would require you to respect the same. References to any such names, marks, products or facilities of third parties or hypertext links to third party sites or information does not imply the Website’s endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or facilities.

    Promotional Offers

    You may receive from time to time, announcement about offers with intent to promote this Website and/or facilities/products of ABC Companies (“Promotional Offers”). The Promotional Offer(s) would always be governed by these Terms of Use plus certain additional terms and conditions, if any prescribed. The said additional terms and conditions, if prescribed, would be specific to the corresponding Promotional Offer only and shall prevail over these Terms of Use, to the extent they may be in conflict with these Terms of Use. The Website reserves the right to withdraw, discontinue, modify, extend and suspend the Promotional Offer(s) and the terms governing it, at its sole discretion.

    Charges for use of Website

    There are no charges or fees to be paid by you for use of this Website. However, you are responsible for all telephone access fees and/or internet service fees that may be assessed by your telephone and/or internet service provider. You further agree to pay additional charges, if any levied by Third Party Service Provider(s), for the facilities provided by them through the Website (Additional Charges).

    No Endorsement

    You are advised to be cautious when browsing on the internet and to use good judgment and discretion when obtaining information or transmitting information. From this Website, users may visit or be directed to third party web sites. The Website makes no effort to review the content of these web sites, nor is the Website or its licensors responsible for the validity, legality, copyright compliance, or decency of the content contained in these sites.

    In addition, the Website does not endorse or control the content of any other user and is not responsible or liable for any content, even though it could be unlawful, harassing, libelous, privacy invading, abusive, threatening, harmful, vulgar, obscene or otherwise objectionable, or that it infringes or may infringe upon the intellectual property or other rights of another. You acknowledge that the Website does not pre-screen content, but that the Website will have the right (but not the obligation) in their sole discretion to refuse, edit, move or remove any content that is available via the facilities.

    Electronic Communications

    These Terms of Use and any notices or other communications regarding the Facilities may be provided to you electronically, and you agree to receive communications from the Website in electronic form. Electronic communications may be posted on the Website and/or delivered to your registered email address, mobile phones etc either by Facilities Provider or ABC Companies with whom the services are availed. All communications in electronic format will be considered to be in "writing". Your consent to receive communications electronically is valid until you revoke your consent by notifying of your decision to do so. If you revoke your consent to receive communications electronically, the Facilities Provider shall have the right to terminate the facilities.

    Assignment

    You shall not assign your rights and obligations under this Agreement to any other party. The Website may assign or delegate its rights and/or obligations under this Agreement to any other party in future, directly or indirectly, or to an affiliated or group company.

    Legal Disclaimers

    The information provided on or through the Website is for general guidance and information purposes only and they do not in any manner indicate any assurance or opinion of any manner whatsoever. Any information may be prone to shortcomings, defects or inaccuracies due to technical reasons. Certain information on Website may be on the basis of our own appraisal of the applicable facts, law and regulations in force at the date hereof.

    The information (and opinions, if any) contained on the Website may have been obtained from public sources believed to be reliable and numerous factors may affect the information provided, which may or may not have been taken into account. The information provided may therefore vary (significantly) from information obtained from other sources or other market participants. Any reference to past performance in the information should not be taken as an indication of future performance. The information is dependent on various assumptions, individual preferences and other factors and thus, results or analyses cannot be construed to be entirely accurate and may not be suitable for all categories of users. Hence, they should not be solely relied on when making investment decisions. Your investment or financial decision shall always be at your own discretion and based on your independent research; and nothing contained on the Website or in any information would construe ABCL/ABC Companies or any of its employees/authorized representative as having been in any way involved in your decision making process. Any information and commentaries provided on the Website are not meant to be an endorsement or offering of any stock or investment advice.

    Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product, process, equipment or formulation, in conflict with any patent, or otherwise and Facilities Provider / ABCL/ABC Companies makes no representation or warranty, express or implied that, the use thereof will not infringe any patent, or otherwise. Information on this Website sourced from experts or third party service providers, which may also include reference to any ABCL Affiliate. However, any such information shall not be construed to represent that they belong or represent or are endorsed by the views of the Facilities Provider or ABC Companies. Any information provided or sourced from ABCL Affiliate belongs to them. ABCL is an independent entity and such information from any ABCL Affiliate are not in any manner intended or to be construed as being endorsed by ABCL or Facilities Provider. The information does not constitute investment or financial advice or advice to buy or sell, or to endorse or solicitation to buy or sell any securities or other financial instrument for any reason whatsoever. Nothing on the Website or information is intended to constitute legal, tax or investment advice, or an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment or a solicitation of any type. Investment in the securities market and any financial instruments are inherently risky and you shall always assume complete and full responsibility for the outcomes of all the financial or investment decisions that you make, including but not limited to loss of capital. You are therefore advised to obtain your own applicable legal, accounting, tax or other professional advice or facilities before taking or considering an investment or financial decision.

    No Solicitation

    No Information at this Website shall constitute an invitation to invest in ABCL or any ABC Companies. These are meant for general information only or to meet statutory requirements or disclosures. ABCL or any of its employees are in no way liable for the use of the information by you, when making any decision or investing or trading through any investment vehicles or ABC Companies, or any other third party which may be engaged in offering of these services.

    The information contained on this Website does not represent and should not be used to construe (i) the terms on which a new transaction would be entered into by ABCL or ABC Companies, (ii) the terms on which any existing transactions could be unwound by ABCL or ABC Companies, (iii) the calculation or estimate of an  amount that would be payable following an early termination of any past/existing transactions or (iv) the valuations given to any transactions by ABCL or ABC Companies in their books of account for financial reporting, credit or risk management purposes.

    Statutory Disclosure

    ABCL and ABC Companies are engaged in a broad spectrum of activities in the financial services sectors. You understand and acknowledge that Aditya Birla Money Limited (‘ABML’), Aditya Birla Finance Limited (‘ABFL’) and Aditya Birla Sun Life Asset Management Company Limited and trustees and sponsor of Aditya Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund (‘ABSLMF’) are group companies and ABML / ABFL also acts as a distributor of ABSLMF.  Any recommendation or reference of schemes of ABSLMF if any made or referred on the Website, the same is based on the standard evaluation and selection process, which would apply uniformly for all mutual fund schemes. You are free to choose the execution facilities in the manner deemed fit and proper and no commission will be paid by ABSLMF to ABML / ABFL if you choose to execute a transaction with ABSLMF on the Website, unless otherwise agreed by you and ABML/ABFL separately. Information about ABML/ABFL, its businesses and the details of commission structure receivable from asset management companies to ABML/ABFL, are also available on their respective Website.

    Similarly Aditya Birla Money Insurance Advisory Services Limited and Aditya Birla Insurance Brokers Limited are insurance intermediaries and engaged in the distribution of Insurance Products and it may services may include products of Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Limited and Aditya Birla Health Insurance Company Limited. However there is no conflict on these services and commissions if any payable are in accordance of the extant regulations.

    Force Majeure

    The Facilities Provider, ABC Companies and any of its Third Party Service Providers shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance resulting directly or indirectly from acts of nature, forces, or causes beyond their reasonable control, including, without limitation, Internet failures, computer equipment failures, telecommunication equipment failures, other equipment failures, electrical power failures, strikes, virus, other malicious computer code, hacking, labour disputes, riots, insurrections, civil disturbances, shortages of labour or materials, fires, flood, storms, explosions, acts of God, war, earthquake, governmental actions, orders of domestic or foreign courts or tribunals, non-performance of third parties, or loss of or fluctuations in heat, light, or air conditioning.

    Indemnification

    You agree to protect and fully compensate Facilities Provider, ABCL, ABC Companies, subsidiaries, licensors, suppliers and facilities providers, employees, officers and directors, from any and all third party claims, liability, damages, expenses and costs (including but not limited to reasonable attorneys fees) caused by or arising from your use of the facilities, your violation of the Terms of Use or your infringement, or infringement by any other user of your account, of any intellectual property or other right of anyone.

    No Waiver

    The Facilities Provider, ABC Companies or any of its third party service providers and processor bank/merchants etc. shall not be deemed to have waived any of its/their rights or remedies hereunder, unless such waiver is in writing. No delay or omission on the part of Facilities Providers and ABC Companies, in exercising any rights or remedies shall operate as a waiver of such rights or remedies or any other rights or remedies. A waiver on any one occasion shall not be construed as a bar or waiver of any rights or remedies on future occasions.

    Exclusive Agreement

    You agree that these Terms of Use are the complete and exclusive statement of agreement supersede any proposal or prior agreement, oral or written, and any other communications between you and the Facilities Provider and its Third Party Service Providers or processor bank/merchants relating to the subject matter of these Terms of Use. These Terms of Use, as the same may be amended from time to time, will prevail over any subsequent oral communications between you and the Website and/or the processor bank.

    Termination

    Either party can terminate this Agreement by notifying the other party in writing. Upon such termination You will not be able to use the facilities of this Website.

    Governing Law and Jurisdiction

    The Website specifically prohibits you from usage of any of its facilities in any countries or jurisdictions that do not corroborate to all stipulations of these Terms of Use. The Website is specifically for users in the territory of India. In case of any dispute, either judicial or quasi-judicial, the same will be subject to the laws of India, with the courts in Mumbai having exclusive jurisdiction.

    These Terms and Conditions are governed by and to be interpreted in accordance with laws of India, without regard to the choice or conflicts of law provisions of any jurisdiction. You agree, in the event of any dispute arising in relation to these Terms and Conditions or any dispute arising in relation to the Website whether in contract or tort or otherwise, to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts located at Mumbai, India for the resolution of all such disputes.

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